Bill Summary
The "National Quantum Cybersecurity Migration Strategy Act of 2025" is a proposed legislation aimed at assessing and facilitating the transition of federal agencies to post-quantum cryptography. The Act mandates the Subcommittee on the Economic and Security Implications of Quantum Information Science to develop a comprehensive strategy within 180 days of enactment. This strategy will define what constitutes a "cryptographically relevant quantum computer," establish standards for quantum computer assessment, and evaluate the urgency for migration based on each agency's critical functions and associated risks.
Key components of the strategy include performance measures for migration across four stages, a pilot program that requires risk management agencies to upgrade at least one high-impact system to post-quantum cryptography by January 1, 2027, and a survey to estimate costs and resources needed for this migration. Additionally, a report to Congress on the progress and assessments of the migration efforts will be required within one year of the Act's enactment. The Comptroller General will also conduct annual assessments of the federal agencies' progress in adopting post-quantum cryptography. Overall, the legislation seeks to enhance national cybersecurity in the face of advancing quantum computing technologies.
Possible Impacts
Here are three examples of how the **National Quantum Cybersecurity Migration Strategy Act of 2025** could affect people:
1. **Enhanced Data Security for Citizens**:
The migration to post-quantum cryptography aims to bolster the security of sensitive federal information systems. As federal agencies upgrade their cybersecurity measures, the protection of personal data, including Social Security numbers and financial information, becomes more robust. This means that citizens could experience a reduced risk of data breaches and identity theft, providing them with greater confidence in the security of their personal information held by government agencies.
2. **Impact on the Private Sector**:
The Act includes provisions for federal agencies to encourage the adoption of post-quantum cryptography within the private sector. As federal standards evolve, businesses that handle sensitive information may need to adopt similar technologies to remain competitive and secure. This could lead to increased costs for companies as they invest in new cybersecurity measures, but it also presents opportunities for technology firms specializing in quantum-safe solutions, potentially creating job growth and innovation in the cybersecurity sector.
3. **Increased Federal Agency Accountability**:
The Act mandates that federal agencies report on their progress in migrating to post-quantum cryptography and provides regular assessments by the Comptroller General. This increased oversight means that federal agencies are held accountable for their cybersecurity measures, which can enhance public trust. Citizens will have access to reports detailing how well their government is protecting critical infrastructure and sensitive data, leading to a more informed and engaged populace regarding cybersecurity issues.
[Congressional Bills 119th Congress]
[From the U.S. Government Publishing Office]
[S. 2558 Introduced in Senate (IS)]
<DOC>
119th CONGRESS
1st Session
S. 2558
To require the Subcommittee on the Economic and Security Implications
of Quantum Information Science to assess possible migration by Federal
agencies to post-quantum cryptography, and for other purposes.
_______________________________________________________________________
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
July 30, 2025
Mr. Peters (for himself and Mrs. Blackburn) introduced the following
bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Homeland
Security and Governmental Affairs
_______________________________________________________________________
A BILL
To require the Subcommittee on the Economic and Security Implications
of Quantum Information Science to assess possible migration by Federal
agencies to post-quantum cryptography, and for other purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.
This Act may be cited as the ``The National Quantum Cybersecurity
Migration Strategy Act of 2025.''.
SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.
In this Act:
(1) Cryptography.--The term ``cryptography'' has the
meaning given such term in the National Institute of Standards
and Technology Special Publication 1800-21B (relating to mobile
device security) and the National Institute of Standards and
Technology Special Publication 800-59 (relating to guidelines
for identifying an information system as a national security
system).
(2) Classical computer.--The term ``classical computer''
means a device that accepts digital data and manipulates the
data based on a program or sequence of instructions for how
such data is to be processed, and that encodes information in
binary.
(3) Quantum computer.--The term ``quantum computer'' means
a computer that uses the collective properties of quantum
states, such as superposition, interference, and entanglement,
to perform calculations.
(4) Post-quantum cryptography.--The term ``post-quantum
cryptography'' means cryptographic algorithms or methods that
are not specifically vulnerable to attacks by either a quantum
computer or classical computer.
(5) Critical infrastructure.--The term ``critical
infrastructure'' has the meaning given that term in section
1016(e) of the Critical Infrastructures Protection Act of 2001
(42 U.S.C. 5195c(e)).
(6) High-impact system.--The term ``high-impact system''
means a Federal information system that holds sensitive
information, the loss of which would be categorized as high
impact under Federal Information Processing Standards
Publication 199 (relating to standards for security
categorization of Federal information and information systems),
as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of
this Act.
(7) Sector risk management agency.--The term ``sector risk
management agency'' has the meaning given the term in section
2200 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C. 650).
SEC. 3. STRATEGY FOR FEDERAL AGENCY MIGRATION TO POST-QUANTUM
CRYPTOGRAPHY.
(a) Duties of Subcommittee on the Economic and Security
Implications of Quantum Information Science.--Not later than 180 days
after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Subcommittee on the
Economic and Security Implications of Quantum Information Science, as
established by section 105 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15
U.S.C. 8814a), in coordination with the Director of the National
Institute of Standards and Technology and in consultation with the
Quantum Economic Development Consortium, shall develop a National
Quantum Cybersecurity Migration Strategy that includes the following:
(1) A definition of a cryptographically relevant quantum
computer.
(2) Recommended standards for Federal agencies to apply to
determine whether a quantum computer meets such definition,
including--
(A) the characteristics of such computers; and
(B) the particular point at which such computers
are capable of attacking real world cryptographic
systems that classical computers are unable to attack.
(3) An assessment of the urgency for migration to post-
quantum cryptography for each Federal agency relative to--
(A) the critical functions of each agency; and
(B) the risk each agency faces should a
cryptographically relevant quantum computer attack a
system operated by the agency.
(4) Performance measures for migration to post-quantum
cryptography to be used by each Federal agency for each of the
following 4 stages of migration:
(A) Preparation for migration to post-quantum
cryptography.
(B) Establishment of a baseline understanding of
the data inventory.
(C) Planning and execution of post-quantum
cryptographic solutions, including ensuring that data
at rest and in motion is subject to appropriate
protections.
(D) Monitoring and evaluation of migration success
and assessment of cryptographic security.
(5) A plan for evaluating and monitoring entities that are
at high risk of quantum cryptographic attacks, including
entities determined to be providers of critical infrastructure.
(b) Post-Quantum Pilot Program.--Not later than 180 days after the
date of the enactment of this Act, the Subcommittee on the Economic and
Security Implications of Quantum Information Science shall establish a
post-quantum pilot program that requires each sector risk management
agency to upgrade not less than one high-impact system to post-quantum
cryptography not later than January 1, 2027.
(c) Duties of the Office of Electronic Government.--Not later than
180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Administrator
of the Office of Electronic Government, in coordination with the
Subcommittee on the Economic and Security Implications of Quantum
Information Science, shall--
(1) survey the heads of Federal agencies for information
relating to the cost of migration to post-quantum cryptography
by the Federal agencies, including estimates for the personnel,
equipment, and time needed to fully implement post-quantum
cryptography, in alignment with the National Quantum
Cybersecurity Migration Strategy developed pursuant to
subsection (a);
(2) verify that the information provided under paragraph
(1) is realistic and fiscally sound;
(3) identify the funding and resources necessary for
Federal agencies to carry out the migration to post-quantum
cryptography; and
(4) advise on how Federal agencies should encourage the
adoption of post-quantum cryptography by the private sector.
(d) Report to Congress.--Not later than 1 year after the date of
the enactment of this Act, the Director of the Office of Management and
Budget and the Subcommittee on the Economic and Security Implications
of Quantum Information Science shall jointly submit to Congress a
report detailing their findings with respect to the post-quantum
migration assessments required under subsection (a)(3), the pilot
program established pursuant to subsection (b), and the survey on
associated costs of executing the migration required by subsection
(c)(1).
(e) Assessment by Comptroller General.--Not later than 1 year after
the development of the National Quantum Cybersecurity Migration
Strategy under subsection (a), and annually thereafter, the Comptroller
General of the United States shall submit to Congress an assessment,
using the performance measures described in subsection (a)(4), of the
progress made by each Federal agency in migrating to post-quantum
cryptography.
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